CERT-Bund Reports:
DNS Open-resolver
DNS Open-resolvers are DNS servers responding to recursive queries for arbitrary domain names from anywhere on the Internet.
Problem
DNS Open-resolvers can be abused for DDoS reflection attacks against third parties.
Verification
In this section, we show how to check a host for an openly accessible service. All tests are performed using tools commonly included with standard Linux/Unix distributions. To verify the service is openly accessible from the Internet, the test should not be run on the host itself or the local network but instead from a different node on the Internet, for example a host on a cable/DSL line. In all examples, replace 192.168.45.67 with the IP address of the host to check.
To check if a DNS server is configured as an open resolver allowing recursive queries, you can use the 'dig' tool for sending a DNS request for an arbitrary domain name (the server is not authoritative for) to the IP address of the DNS server in question:
$ dig cert-bund.de @192.168.45.67
An open resolver allowing recursive queries will return a response like this, followed by a set of DNS records:
; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> cert-bund.de @192.168.45.67
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 43941
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0
A DNS server not allowing recursive queries will instead respond with an error message like this:
; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> cert-bund.de @192.168.45.67
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: REFUSED, id: 42022
;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
Solution
Disable recursion or limit recursion to trusted clients in the DNS server's configuration.
- BIND: Secure BIND Template
- Microsoft Windows: Disable Recursion on the DNS Server
For instructions on how to disable/limit recursion with other DNS servers, please consult the manual.
